During the Hundred Years’ War, the Treaty of Troyes (1420) made Henry VI of England king of France. Recognised only in the territories controlled by the English, he was challenged by the Dauphin Charles, crowned at Reims in 1429 thanks to Joan of Arc. Henry VI, grandson of Charles VI through his mother Catherine of Valois, was crowned king of France at Notre-Dame de Paris in 1431. Charles VII retook Paris in 1436, then Normandy and Guyenne: by 1453 the English held only Calais.