Proclaimed on 22 September 1792, the First Republic succeeded the monarchy. Convention, Directory then Consulate followed one another through revolutionary and wartime turmoil, until the coronation of Napoleon I in 1804. Born amid war against the European monarchies, it went through the Terror (1793-1794). The Constitution of Year III set up the Directory in 1795; the coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul.